A closely watched measure of inflation showed signs of decreasing in October. This is good news for the Federal Reserve as officials try to decide if they need to take further action to control rapid price increases.
The Personal Consumption Expenditures inflation measure, which the Fed cites when it says it aims for 2 percent inflation on average over time, went up by 3 percent in the year through October. This was lower than the 3.4 percent from the previous month and in line with economist forecasts. Prices were flat compared to the previous month.
After removing volatile food and fuel prices for a clearer look at underlying price pressures, inflation climbed by 3.5 percent over the year. This was down from 3.7 percent previously.
The latest signs that price increases are slowing down came with other positive news for Fed officials: Consumers are spending less robustly. A measure of personal consumption climbed by 0.2 percent from September, marking a slight slowdown from the previous month.
The report could provide important insights to Fed officials as they prepare for their final meeting of 2023, which takes place Dec. 12-13. While investors widely expect policymakers to leave borrowing costs unchanged at the meeting, central bankers will release a fresh set of economic projections that could hint at their plans for future policy. Jerome H. Powell, the Fed chair, will also deliver a news conference.
“They’re going to want to still stay cautious about declaring ‘Mission Accomplished’ too soon,” said Omair Sharif, founder of Inflation Insights. Still, “we’ve had a string of really good readings.”
Policymakers have been closely watching how both inflation and consumer spending shape up as they assess how to proceed. They have already raised interest rates to a range of 5.25 to 5.5 percent, the highest level in more than two decades. Many officials have signaled that it may be time to stop and watch how policy plays out.
John C. Williams, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, hinted in a speech on Thursday that he expects inflation to moderate enough for the Fed to be done raising interest rates now, though officials could raise interest rates more if the data were to surprise them.
“If price pressures and imbalances persist more than I expect, additional policy firming may be needed,” Mr. Williams said. He reiterated his assessment that the Fed is “at, or near, the peak level of the target range of the federal funds rate.”
The economy has been more resilient to those higher borrowing costs than many had expected, which is one reason that the Fed has maintained a wary stance. If strong demand gives companies the ability to keep raising prices without losing customers, it could be harder to fully vanquish inflation.
That said, recent signs that consumers and companies are finally turning more cautious have been welcome at the Fed.
“I am encouraged by the early signs of moderating economic activity in the fourth quarter based on the data in hand,” Christopher Waller, one Fed governor, said this week. Still, he added that “inflation is still too high, and it is too early to say whether the slowing we are seeing will be sustained.”
Mr. Sharif noted that the talk on Wall Street has coalesced around when the first interest rate decrease might come, and the Fed’s coming economic projections should offer insight. Some of Mr. Waller’s remarks this week fueled speculation that cuts could come on the early side next year.
But “you don’t want to get too far ahead of your skis, for now,” Mr. Sharif said, noting that the data has gotten better in the past before worsening again. He doesn’t think that the Fed will want to start to talk about rate cuts too forcefully until they have data for late 2023 and early 2024 in hand.
“I just think they’re going to want to stay a little bit cautious right now,” he said.
